Les cultures du ciel
Le ciel est le même partout ; les figures qu’on y trace et les récits qu’on y attache changent d’un peuple à l’autre. Ce site en sert 43, venues de 14 régions du monde, qui tracent ensemble 4 068 figures et nomment 9 082 objets du ciel.
Les 88 constellations de l’Union astronomique internationale sont une convention utile, fixée en 1930 pour que les astronomes du monde entier désignent la même portion de ciel. Ce n’est pas une vérité sur le ciel, et les figures chinoises, indiennes, inuit ou maori ne sont pas des variantes exotiques de celles-là : ce sont d’autres découpages, aussi anciens ou plus anciens, aussi cohérents, et sur ce site ils sont à la même place.
Afrique du Nord
Amérique centrale
Amérique du Nord
Amérique du Sud
Asie de l'Est
Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century)
317 figures, 168 étoiles nommées. historique.
Ouvrir la ficheChinese Manchu
336 figures, 12 étoiles nommées. ethnographique.
Ouvrir la ficheChinese Song Dynasty Sky
339 figures, 419 étoiles nommées. historique.
Ouvrir la ficheChinese Xianglin Star Chart
317 figures, 61 étoiles nommées. source unique.
Ouvrir la ficheChinese Yuan Dynasty (14th Century)
216 figures, 61 étoiles nommées. historique.
Ouvrir la ficheChinoise
312 figures, 3050 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheCoréenne
312 figures, 146 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheJapanese Yasui Map
373 figures, 72 étoiles nommées. historique.
Ouvrir la ficheModern (Chinese)
415 figures, 3056 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheMongole
4 figures, 9 étoiles nommées. ethnographique.
Ouvrir la ficheTibetan
45 figures. ethnographique.
Ouvrir la ficheAsie du Nord
Asie du Sud
Australasie
Europe de l'Est
Europe du Nord
Europe du Sud
Le monde entier
Modern
180 figures, 599 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheModern (H.A. Rey)
192 figures, 36 étoiles nommées. source unique.
Ouvrir la ficheModern (IAU)
88 figures, 470 étoiles nommées. source unique.
Ouvrir la ficheModern (O. Hlad)
88 figures, 232 étoiles nommées. source unique.
Ouvrir la ficheModern (Sky & Telescope)
88 figures, 232 étoiles nommées. source unique.
Ouvrir la ficheMélanésie
Polynésie
Hawaiian Starlines
13 figures, 68 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheRuanui sky: Tahiti and Society islands
19 figures, 23 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheSamoan
14 figures, 3 étoiles nommées. traditionnelle.
Ouvrir la ficheTonguienne
11 figures, 7 étoiles nommées. ethnographique.
Ouvrir la ficheLes licences, et ce qu’elles changent pour vous
2 de ces cultures sont publiées sous une licence sans clause de partage : vous pouvez les reprendre en citant leur auteur, et c’est tout. 41 autres sont sous une licence de partage à l’identique, Creative Commons BY-SA ou GNU GPL : vous pouvez les reprendre, mais ce que vous en tirez doit rester sous la même licence. Les deux familles vivent dans des fichiers physiquement séparés sur ce site, et chaque fiche affiche sa licence à l’écran, ce qui est une obligation de la licence et non une politesse.
Ce que nous ne pouvons pas servir, et pourquoi
Un refus se dit, il ne se cache pas. 21 cultures du ciel existent dans les sources que nous employons et ne sont pas ici : leur licence interdit d’en tirer nos fichiers, soit parce qu’elle défend toute modification, soit parce qu’elle réserve l’usage non commercial. Les deux sont incompatibles avec une ressource libre. Nous les nommons, avec leurs auteurs, parce que le travail existe et mérite d’être cherché à sa source.
| Culture | Licence relevée | Motif | Auteurs | La pièce |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| arabic al-sufi | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak(at)gmail(dot)com | lire la licence |
| arabic arabian peninsula | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | Khalid al-Ajaji, turath.alfalak(at)gmail(dot)com. | lire la licence |
| arabic indigenous | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak(at)gmail(dot)com | lire la licence |
| arabic lunar stations | CC BY-ND 4.0 Special permission is granted to Stellarium Labs to include the licensed material. | sans derivation (ND) ; la permission speciale est accordee nommement a Stellarium Labs, pas a nous | Khalid al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak(at)gmail(dot)com | lire la licence |
| armintxe | (section vide) | aucune licence declaree | This sky culture was built by Xabier Gezuraga Jauregi, member and photographer of the group of speleology ADES, and sky and weather photographer, after the discovery continued investigating and wrote the theory[#3] of the calendar of Armintxe, explaining the use of animals in cave art to name periods of time, based on stars, Sun and Moon movements | lire la licence |
| babylonian mulapin | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to Stellarium: Susanne M. Hoffmann: service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com Paintings by: Jessica Gullberg (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann) Text in English: Susanne M. Hoffmann | lire la licence |
| babylonian seleucid | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | Artwork by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany) and Susanne M Hoffmann (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria). The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and the Babylonian constellation lines were prepared by: Susanne M Hoffmann: service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com | lire la licence |
| balinese | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | The Balinese sky culture were compiled and added to Stellarium by Youla A Azkarrula: youlaafifahrvvl(at)gmail(dot)com . She is a researcher from Bali, Indonesia. She worked for this project based on her pre-doctoral research under supervision of Dr. Dr. Susanne M Hoffmann. The paintings were repainted by: Jessica Gullberg . She is a great artist and illustrator, created numerous original pencil drawings, watercolor paintings, and illustrations of archaeological sites, cultural artifacts, and astronomical interpretations. ### About This celestial culture is essentially already partially reflected in the Balinese calendar, which is published annually by the government. Later, in a seminar held by the Bali Museum, previous research by German ethnologist and explorer Alfred Maaß was presented. Alfred Maaß made a report about his journey into an article titled "Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen"[#1]. In his article, he gave a description of each lintang in the Palelangan in the form of "Position in the Sky". But there are 10 lintangs that are not explained. Then a team from the Bali Museum continued to study deeper about the Palelintangan for the ritual. Furthermore, they mentioned a little about lintang in the form of asterism. They explained that the X-star constellation was similar to the constellation Y (the constellation set by IAU). With an explanation from the two main sources, we began to form Contellation Lines using Sky Culture Maker (SCM) from the description given, composed and triangulation. We have adjusted the full form of Contellation Lines to the images given by each lintang. In anchoring the artwork, we chose to use the re-paint image from the existing sources with the condition that using older images and in accordance with the description given by the resource persons in the Maaß article. Based on the interviews we conducted with several people, namely Hindu Religious Instructors, Chair of the Bali Dharma Hindu Association and the seminar from Balinese astronomers, that the information contained in the Maaß manuscript can be used as a reference because this information comes from traditional leaders in Klungkung. ### Acknowledgements The positioning of the Balinese terms in the sky and the drawing of the stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Youla A Azkarrula. As an astronomer she thanks for the help of several scholar and her professor. - Dr. Dr. Susanne M. Hoffmann (Secretary Commission C5 Cultural Astronomy, IAU; FSU, Jena) - Ir I Made Suatjana (Balinese Astronomer) - I Gede Marayana (Balinese Astronomer) - Gede Ketut Sulistyadi (Head of Pesamuan Alit Parisada Hindu Dharma (PHDI) Tabanan Regency) | lire la licence |
| egyptian dendera | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This Greco-Egyptian sky culture was painted and added to Stellarium by: _Susanne M. Hoffmann: service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com _ Written in English: _SMH_ ### Fair Use This sky culture originates from research. We provide this for free but the authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you! | lire la licence |
| greek almagest | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com Written in English: the authors | lire la licence |
| greek dante | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com) as a byproduct of a collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany), The German Dante Society (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) and Planetarium Jena. Written in English: Susanne M. Hoffmann. ### Notes Region of origin: Florence, Italy; this single sky culture was made for use in research. ### Fair Use We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you! Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022) | lire la licence |
| greek farnese | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com). Written in English: the author. | lire la licence |
| greek leidenAratea | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service(at)uhura-uraniae(dot)com) and originally created in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium Jena. Written in English: the authors ### Fair Use We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you! | lire la licence |
| kamilaroi | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | Robert S. Fuller and Ghillar Michael Anderson | lire la licence |
| khoi-san | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was created by Suki Lock for the South African Astronomical Observatory [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), based on information supplied by Auke Slotegraaf. They were modified using inputs and information from Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa and Mdumiseni Nxumalo. The project was initiated by Sivuyile Manxoyi after having discussions with Prof Jarita Holbrook and Prof Kevin Snedegar on African Cultural astronomy. | lire la licence |
| lokono | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was contributed by [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka) and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname (Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.* Version 1.0 | lire la licence |
| maya | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | non commercial (NC) | This sky culture was contributed by *Eduardo Rodas-Quito* and *Javier Mejuto* of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras. | lire la licence |
| modern journey to the west | CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by **Xu Gang, He Yuan and Sun Shuwei**. Paintings & Text: Xu Gang（徐刚）, xg0205(at)163(dot)com Stellarium Integration: He Yuan（何原）, heyuan9965(at)126(dot)com Revision & Pinyin Transliteration: Sun Shuwei（孙殳玮）, sunshuwei.hi(at)foxmail(dot)com | lire la licence |
| modern sternenkarten | CC BY-ND 4.0 International | sans derivation (ND) | Edgar Scholz | lire la licence |
| xhosa | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was created by Suki Lock for the South African Astronomical Observatory [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), based on information supplied by Auke Slotegraaf. They were modified using inputs and information from Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa and Mdumiseni Nxumalo. The project was initiated by Sivuyile Manxoyi after having discussions with Prof Jarita Holbrook and Prof Kevin Snedegar on African Cultural astronomy. | lire la licence |
| zulu | CC BY-ND 4.0 | sans derivation (ND) | This sky culture was created by Suki Lock for the South African Astronomical Observatory [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), based on information supplied by Auke Slotegraaf. They were modified using inputs and information from Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa and Mdumiseni Nxumalo. The project was initiated by Sivuyile Manxoyi after having discussions with Prof Jarita Holbrook and Prof Kevin Snedegar on African Cultural astronomy. | lire la licence |
Parmi elles, les quatre cultures arabes du fonds de Stellarium, publiées sous une licence qui défend toute modification. C’est une perte réelle et nous ne la masquons pas. Les noms arabes des constellations que ce site sert viennent donc d’une autre source, libre celle-là : ils sont sur chaque fiche de constellation.
Sources
- Figures, noms natifs et prononciations : les cultures du ciel de Stellarium et du dépôt stellarium-skycultures, chacune sous sa propre licence, relevée dans son fichier de description et citée sur sa fiche.
- Noms français des figures : les catalogues de traduction de la communauté de Stellarium, sous la même licence que la culture traduite. Aucun nom n’est traduit par nous.
- Le dossier complet : les données et leurs licences.